Reverse Anorexia in Bodybuilders Essay examples - 2177 Words

Reverse Anorexia in Bodybuilders Women compose the overwhelming majority of the reported cases of eating disorders. The, desire to be thin consumes many young women who idealize the false and unrealistic model form depicted in popular magazines. Recently, researchers have started to appreciate the role of exercise in the development of eating disorders. This shift has illuminated the striking influence of sports on body image satisfaction in men as well as women. The importance of a fit physique has grown increasingly salient to men in modem society as indicated by the rise of hypermasculine action heroes such as Arnold Schwartzenegger and Sylvester Stallone. One growing sport, bodybuilding, now has the sixth largest sports†¦show more content†¦The percentage of the bodybuilders in the study with a history of anorexia nervosa was 2.8% which is considerably more than the 0.02% rate currently recorded among all American men. The authors suggested that media idealizes the large muscular body form for men just as it endorses the waif-like appearance for women Unfortunately, the study lacks a control group with which to compare their results. The majority of the primarily qualitative data obtained in the experiment, through the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID), may be subject to a slight interpretative bias. Whether individuals prone to reverse anorexia are disproportionately attracted to bodybuilding or the sport actually encourages such behavior (or both) remains unclear. The study, however, provided preliminary evidence for the existence of a reverse anorexia syndrome arnon ,g bodybuilders. Body Dissatisfaction in Bodybuilders The fear of being too small leads to a high degree of body dissatisfaction among bodybuilders. Fussell (1991), in a book based on his experience as a former bodybuilder, laments, It didnt occur to me then that too big might not be big enough (P. 86). Fussells account, although entirely descriptive, provided valuable insight and an in-depth analysis into the bodybuilders world as witnessed by a man who was consumed by it. Fussell (1991) stated, By making myself larger than fife, I might make myself a littleShow MoreRelatedPsychology Of Bodybuilding And The Bodybuilding Industry Essay887 Words   |  4 Pages that come with this hobby. Many examples of disorders are eating disorders, such as binge eating, Bulimia Nervosa, another psychological characteristic is â€Å"Bigorexia† also known as Muscle Dysmorphia. Muscle Dysmorphia is when so called BodyBuilders aren’t pleased with the way they look, they to seek different ways to get bigger or smaller. Most turn to Anabolic steroids to help increase muscle growth but, taking steroids could also lead to some health issues and it can also take an impact

Seeing Is Believing - 894 Words

Seeing is believing by Maksym Tavolzhanskyi Seeing is believing is an idiom first recorded in this form in 1639 that means only physical or concrete evidence is convincing. In life we always use the rule until I see with my own eyes I will not believe. People are so accustomed to trust their feelings perception of objects, which often do not even realize whether feelings deceive? But we also can`t definitely state that human sense perception gain the absolutely wrong or right information. It depends on the frame of reference, everything is subjective. Inaccuracy of knowledge gained from experience is possible because of a huge amount of limitations on our sense perception. Every person is not identical and has different abilities.†¦show more content†¦3)What we perceive depends upon the relationship between the perceiver and what is perceived. (The sun and the moon appear to us having the size of a large balls, but we know them to be much larger.) What we perceive depends upon the state of our sense organs, their health and sensitivity. What we perceive also depends upon the state of our brains, for sense-experience depends upon the brain. (when chemistry of the brain is altered then strange sensory phenomena may result.) We tend to see what we are prepared to see. ( The expectations we have may be the result either of our general cultural background, or our past experiences.) We are likely to miss something we are looking for. We tend to see what other people see. First ideas whether we can trust our senses appeared 5th century BC in Greece. Those philosophies were scepticism and empirism. Scepticism is the philosophical view that it is impossible to know anything with absolute certainty, or to know the world as it really is. Scepticim is divided into local (ordinary doubt) for example is that bird or plane in other words the facts which can be checked and global also called as philosophical doubt for example are my senses mistaken all the time? - can`t be checked. Good example of global skepticism are the ideas of films â€Å"Matrix† and â€Å"Inception† (2010) with Leonardo DiCaprio, where the world of high technology exists to enter the human mind through dream invasion, the ideaShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Judith Lorber s Believing Is Seeing : Biology As Ideology, And Sharlene Nagy Hesse s Article1038 Words   |  5 Pagesexercising because his friends and family enjoy such activities. On the flip side, a young woman starves herself because her friends starve themselves; they all desire to look skinny and to match magazine models. In Judith L orber’s article â€Å"Believing is Seeing: Biology as Ideology† and Sharlene Nagy Hesse-Biber’s article â€Å"The Spread of the Cult of the Thinness: Preteen Girls, Adolescents, Straight Men, Gays, Lesbians, and Ethnic Women†, the authors explain how society influences people. Lorber’s articleRead MorePerspectives Essay examples824 Words   |  4 PagesPerspectives Life Span amp; Introduction to Sociology PSYC-2314-S03 In class we have been discussing the analogy of perspectives. A perspective is a way of seeing, also thought of as a ‘point of view’. This mental view or outlook can both enhance and constrain how we view the world in our own eyes. In the field of psychology and sociology there are many ways to perceive our world in which we live. No one perspective alone can define the world. Each perspective has its own distinctive strengthsRead MoreThe Matrix: Dreams and Senses Essay examples651 Words   |  3 Pagesthe uncertainty of knowledge, but also more modern concerns about political power in a cyber-infected world. Carolyn Korsmeyer examines the issue of sense experience and how the movie portrays the classic problems of perception in her essay â€Å"Seeing, Believing, Touching, Truth.† She links her evaluation of the use of senses in the movie to the problems philosophers have faced over the years when trying to ascertain the role senses play in our belief systems. The philosopher Descartes, after theRead MoreThe Believing Game By Peter Elbow1174 Words   |  5 PagesDisbelieving â€Å"The Believing Game† In the essay â€Å"The Believing Game† by Peter Elbow, he discusses the concepts of taking the emotion out of arguments and using logic by seeing another person’s opinion or ideology through their eyes. Elbow uses â€Å"The Doubting Game† as his counter-argument in the essay and speaks of how most humans are naturally conditioned to over-analyze any argument that is presented before them. Elbow, while making some insightful points to the way humans think, presents his essayRead MoreThe Crucible : The Community Is Very Close Minded On Their Way Of Living916 Words   |  4 Pagesfight whether theocracy was just in the Town of Salem. Among many of the citizens, very few saw the truth about theocracy. The others in Salem struggled to see the truth. One of many was Reverend Hale. Said Reverend Hale himself, â€Å"Our difficulty in believing the - for want of a better word - political inspiration of the Devil is due in great part to the fact that he is called up and damned not only by our social antagonists but by our own side, whatever it may be† (Miller, pg. 34). It states that otherRead MoreHelen Keller : Being Blind And Deaf1589 Words   |  7 Pagesexplains how the food fortunate people eat every day, the clothes bought regularly, and cars people ride in each day, other people yearn for. Helen Keller was not only blind, but also deaf and for a good part of her life, she did not have the luxury of seeing or hearing which is taken for granted. Sometimes many people lose their sight or hearing and after, they realize how grateful they were for having that sense at the time and appreciate their senses more. As a child, Helen struggled to adapt to beRead MoreThe Form Of Truth : Plato s Theory Of Knowledge893 Words   |  4 PagesJordyn Rodwell Professor Jones-Cathcart Philosophy 101 16 February 2016 The Form of Truth The physical world only has one constant - change. The human senses give an idea of the present reality. However, seeing is not believing. The perception we develop through the senses (seeing, smelling, tasting, touching, and hearing) does not consist of real truth. Real truth is not what is in front of us, but of absolute concepts and unchanging truths. Plato encouraged looking past what is directly visibleRead MoreChangi Extended Response1016 Words   |  5 Pagesepisodes are about the struggle of the Australian prisoners of war. The series mainly focuses on six young Australian men giving an insight of each character’s deepest struggle within the camp. There are many themes evident within the episodes, Seeing is believing, Curley, Private Bill and Pacifying the angels. Some of which include power and atrocities of war. These themes are also apparent throughout Edward Zwick’s 2006 film ‘Blood Diamond’, which is about a country torn apart by the struggle of theRead MoreEssay about Julius Caesar: Superstition, Sacrifice, Suffering and Sorrow1032 Words   |  5 PagesSuperstition is considered a myth to most people, but for the ancient Romans, this was a historical belief. For the Romans, believing in superstition was a very ordinary thing. To them superstition explained the supernatural and strengthened their relationships with the gods (The Roman Empire). In the play Julius Caesar, the author William Shakespeare uses superstition repeatedly to affect the plot as well as the characters. Superstition in the play is used to foreshadow Caesar’s death, impact Brutus’Read MoreIrresponsibility in the Great Gatsby1207 Words   |  5 Pagesrespect him. Tom Buchanan is a irresponsible man with absolutely no feelings for others. In addition, he is in two relationships, with Daisy and Myrtle Wilson who lives in the dreadful valley of ashes. Throughout the novel Tom misleads Myrtle into believing that one day he would save her from the valley of ashes. However the truth behind Toms amour for Myrtle is simply sexual pleasure. Myrtle believes that Tom is her ticket to the upper class. When Myrtles husband, George Wilson, realizes Myrtle has

Laptop and Samsung Free Essays

A. Executive Summary This paper is focused on Samsung Electronics Co. , and it has four major product lines. We will write a custom essay sample on Laptop and Samsung or any similar topic only for you Order Now Digital Media line produces digital electronics for both personal and business uses. Telecommunication line produces variety of mobile phones and supply to carriers; LCD line produces flat screen monitors used on TVs, cellphones and computers. Last, semiconductors product line produces memory chips used on computers and cell phones. For each product lines, we will be talking about their history, records of success, risks and opportunities, and recommendations. Lastly, we will give recommendations regarding how the company should develop itself to be more attractive to investors. B. Introduction Samsung was founded in 1938 and are located in Seoul, South Korea. The founder’s name is Byun-Chull Lee. â€Å"Samsung† means â€Å"three stars† in Korean. It started as a trading export company. In 1969, they became Samsung Electronics Co. And now it has become one of the largest technology companies known worldwide (Samsung Electronics, 2011). It is most known for its flagship products; the Galaxy smartphone and its LCD screens. Samsung became a publicly traded company in 2000. It has four major lines of business, Digital Media, Telecommunications, LCD, and Semiconductors. C. Four Lines of Business 1. Digital Media Digital media is the line of business that consists of all of Samsung’s digital consumer products, both home and personal use. These products include; personal computers, MP3 players, cameras, televisions, and home appliances. Samsung puts forward innovative designs, select world-leading products, and power efficient products. Digital media consisted of 37% of all sales in 2010 (Sustainability Report, 2012). Samsung Distribution Channel iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/the-distribution-strategy-of-samsung/embed/#?secret=8LJZUo8kbo" data-secret="8LJZUo8kbo" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;Samsung Distribution Channel#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe As you can see from the graph below is was the majority of Samsung’s sales. In the 1970’s, Samsung came out with its first black and white televisions, washing machines, refrigerators, and by the end of the decade color televisions. In the 1980’s, Samsung was marketing air conditioners, personal computers, and the world’s smallest video tape recorder. Since the 1990’s, Samsung’s innovation boomed. They came out with the world’s first digital television, the world’s first Blu-ray disc player, the world’s first HD camcorder, and the world’s thinnest television (About Samsung, 2012). Samsung also led the home entertainment business into the 3D market. Digital media’s record of success is definitely significant. Its sales numbers have increased by about 4 billion USD. Unfortunately, the profits are very low compared to its sales. This is due to Samsung’s high investment in research and development. You can see the difference between sales and profits in the graph shown below. The biggest risk for the digital media line of business is whether the large investments in research and development will pay off against its competing products. Many electronic companies invest heavily in creating better products and imbedding innovative technology in them, so the competition is very high for this line of business. The only way for a company to be successful is getting its products in the most consumers’ hands. So that is why Samsung invests about 6. 2% of total sales into research and development (Sustainability Report, 2012). This enables Samsung to ensure that its products are of the best quality, have the most innovative technology, provide convenient and advanced features, and have a stylish design. Research and development will always be one of the biggest investments of a successful technology company. Samsung should continue its high investments to secure its place as the leader in technology and innovation in this industry. Since Samsung is a global leader in technology, it should use this advantage to lead the rest to the next level of innovation. Samsung has already lead others in the 3D home entertainment business now it has the opportunity to go further and create more advanced products that will lead its consumers to a more advanced and convenient lifestyle. 2. Telecommunications Samsung Telecommunications is one important line of Samsung Electronics. It is known as Samsung mobile and wireless, which provides a variety of personal and business communications productions, such as mobile phones, tablets, and wireless infrastructure equipments (Samsung, 2011). In 1988, Samsung Electronics merged with telecommunication, which then became a product line of Samsung Electronics (Company history, 2012. ). In 1986, Samsung released its first built-in car phone, but it failed due to the poor products’ qualities. But, the company did not give up on telecommunication product line. In 1992, Samsung developed its own mobile phone systems. In 1997, they developed world’s smallest CDMA mobile phone (Company history, 2012). Samsung became the leader in the personal communications service market. Samsung Electronics has been successful since the company expended business into global market. Samsung took first step and exported its personal phones to Sprint, an American CDMA carrier, and then Samsung extended into GSM market. The company’s phones are compatible with the networks of leading wireless service providers, including ATT, Sprint Nextel, T-Mobile USA, and Verizon Communications. It has powered Samsung’s growth in the telecommunications industry. The bestselling Galaxy S smartphones was launched in 2011. It has been sold more than 20 million units around the world. In 2012, Samsung Electronics was ranked the 17th of global 500 companies by the Financial Times (Samsung annual report, 2012). By end of second quarter 2012, Samsung Electronics accounted for 330 million or 21. 2% of worldwide demand of mobile phones (Samsung annual report, 2011). (See Fig. 1. ) Fig. 1. Samsung Smartphone Market shares in 2011: 19. 9% (Samsung) The major risk was patent lawsuits. Samsung Electronics has involved with lawsuits in more than 10 countries between Samsung and Apple (Wingfield, 2012). Opportunity for Samsung is that partnership with more carriers, which would help Samsung Telecommunication to expand their business and market share. The recommendations for Samsung telecommunication is that focus on unique technology design. I think that will not only help Samsung avoid lawsuits, but also increase the market share and customer royalty. 3. Samsung’s LCD Display A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat screen monitor that is made of a thin liquid crystal layer in the middle. LCDs are used in many different applications such as, televisions, mobile phones, laptops and computers. LCD screen has been one of the best-selling products of Samsung, yet it still faces risks and needs some improvement to attract more customers (Mote, Stansell, Greenland, 2010). Mote et al. (2010) state that Samsung created LCD technology in 1991. The LCD panel was first used for laptop computers and showed at a world trade event in Japan. The first LCD display for laptop computer was 9. 3 inches. In 2002, Samsung introduced a 54-inch digital LCD television monitor-the largest LCD television in the world at that time. Today, Samsung is the most famous LCD maker in the global market (Mote, Stansell, Greenland, 2010). According to â€Å"About Samsung† (2012), Samsung sustained the highest profit among LCD manufactures over the world in 2007. In 2009, Samsung became the first company that sold more than ten million LCD televisions in the first half of the year and more than five million LCD panels per month. Epperson shows that, total segment revenue of LCD was about 62. 6 trillion U. S dollars in 2011. There were about 330 million shares, and the price was 1,067 dollars per share. Samsung has also maintained the largest market share in the global LCD televisions from the first quarter of 2011 to the second quarter of 2012 (About Samsung, 2012; Epperson, 2012). (Data collected from www. statista. com) Although the record of success of LCDs seems really outstanding, Samsung is facing many risks. One of the risks that Samsung confronted was about LCD patent infringement. In 2008, Sharp filed the suit against Samsung in the U. S. District Court for violating its four patents related to a technology to improve the picture quality of LCDs. Then, Sharp expanded the suit to South Korea in December of the same year. Samsung fought back in the same month with lawsuits in Japan and the U. S. For some reasons, Samsung won over Sharp in Japan, but lose the case in the U. S. In 2009 US International Trade Commission began to block Samsung LCD products. Samsung also faces price war from other serious competitors such as LG, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic. In Standard Poor’s Equity Research, Samsung’s LCD sales are decreasing due to the very competitive prices other competitors offer consumers (Patel, 2012). Base on â€Å"LexisNexis Academic† (2012), Samsung just created a new technology of LCD called Active-matrix OLED (AMOLED). This is another type of flat panel display which is very thin and flexible. Samsung announced that it will use AMOLED to invent a new model of its mobile phone named â€Å"Youm†, and the product will be introduced at the beginning of 2013. This is considered as a bright opportunity for Samsung in the future to increase its LCD revenues and profits (â€Å"Samsung’s flexible†, 2012). (Google images) To overcome risks and be more attractive to investors, Samsung should obtain LCD patent protection. For example, when any LCD design is created, Samsung should register for a license or trademark to protect the company from copyright. Samsung also need to focus on Research and Development investment to create new technology, new products and find out ways to lower the production costs, so they can compete on price with others. 4. Semiconductors The decision of entering the semiconductor business is essential to Samsung. Byung-Chull Lee, the founder of Samsung, realized how big the high-tech electronics market would be in the future in mid-1970s, and that Samsung has to be a major player. Because of that, he decided to form Samsung Semiconductor and Telecommunications Co. in 1978. However, South Korea is lack of technological expertise, and that’s when the South Korean government steps in. The South Korean government required foreign telecommunications equipment manufacturers to hand out advanced semiconductor technology, in order for them to get access to the South Korean market. (Data collected from IBIS World) Semiconductor is one of the most successful product lines in Samsung. The sales of semiconductor have increased from 32. 6 billion dollars in 2010 to 33. 5 billion dollars in 2011. Moreover, its net income has also increased from 16 million dollars in 2010 to 48 million dollars in 2011. In fact, the company’s semiconductor segment consists two major parts: memory and LSI (Large-Scale Integration). Like the past 15 years, Samsung has topped the position in the dynamic random-access memory in 2011 with 42. 2% of shares. For the LSI segment, Samsung produces LCD panels for computer monitors and notebook displays. In 2011, Samsung has about $26. 5 million of revenue from LCD panel business (IBIS world, 2012). One of the biggest customers to Samsung’s semiconductor product line is Apple, which is recently considering switching to another semiconductor manufacturer. Losing this huge customer will definitely risk the market position of Samsung, as it is now at the top of the semiconductor manufacturing market. Opportunity for the product line would be its rising demand. There is a growing demand on semiconductor out in the market. Although the demand of desktop computers is slowing down, which will affect the sales of memory part of semiconductors, demand of tablets and smartphones is raising rapidly, which will lead to a rise in demand of semiconductor (Epperson, 2012). There are still a lot of rooms for the sales of semiconductor to grow. Increasing production of semiconductor due to its raise in demand may not seem hard in the future. Manufacturers are now developing automated production in order to decrease their production cost. Samsung can start increase semiconductors supply to these robots, since those parts will boost the demand for the sophisticated electronics that control the robots. D. Conclusions and Recommendations for Samsung One of the important recommendations is technology innovation. Samsung Electronics is a high-tech company, which provided support for innovation in the areas of technology. Product lines involved with other companies regarding the patent lawsuits. Lawsuits have negatively impacts on company’s growth. In order for company to maintain sustainability and remain competitive in the industry, we recommend that the Samsung Electronics should focus on unique technology designs. In that way, it will protect the company from getting sued and attract more customers. Samsung should also increase semiconductors productions by finding opportunities to cooperate and be a supplier to other smaller electronic companies. Again, the company hould invest more in RD projects, so it can built new technologies and new products in order to compete against its competitors. E. References About Samsung. (2012). Corporate profile. Retrieved from http://www. samsung. com/us/aboutsamsung/corporateprofile/ Epperson, L. (2012). Samsung Electronic Co. , Ltd. Hoover’s. Retrieved Oct. 27, 2012, from Hoover’s database. Mote, D. , Stansell, C. M. , Greenland, P. R. (20 10). Samsung Electronics Co. , Ltd. In International Directory of Company Histories, 108, 433-440. Retrieved Oct. 27, 2012, from Gale Virtual Reference Library database. Patel, A. (2012). Samsung Electronics. Standard Poor’s Equity Research. Retrieved Oct. 27, 2012, from Net Advantage database. Samsung Electronic. (2011). FY 2011 Annual report. Retrieved from http://www. samsung. com/us/aboutsamsung/ir/newsMain. do. Samsung. (2012). Samsung Company history. Retrieved from http://www. samsung. com/us/aboutsamsung/corporateprofile/history04. html Samsung. (2011a). Samsung 2011 annual report. Retrieved from http://www. samsung. com/us/aboutsamsung/ir/newsMain. do Samsung. (2011b). Samsung Telecommunications. Retrieved from http://www. samsung. com/global/business/telecommunication/productInfo. do? tgrygroup=11ctgrytype=18b2bprdid=146 Samsung’s flexible AMOLED display codenamed â€Å"Youm† in the works. (2012, April 11). Kashmir Monitor (India). Retrieved Nov. 28, 2012, from LexisNexis Academic database. Sustainability report. (2012). Global harmony with people, society, and environment. Retrieved from http://www. samsung. com/aboutsamsung/sustainabi lity/sustainabilityreport Wingfield, N. (2012, August 24). Jury awards $1 billion to Apple in Samsung patent case. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2012/08/25/technology/jury-reaches-decision-in-apple-samsung-patent-trial. html? _r=0 How to cite Laptop and Samsung, Papers

Applied Project Management for Material and People - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theApplied Project Management for Material and People. Answer: ERP stands for enterprise resource planning is a package of software which allow a firm to efficiently manage its available resources which comprises of equipment, material and people. PMBOK in general is not defined by rigid life cycle in spite of that it is defined by a range of phases starting from initiation to closing. Adaptation of ERP software in the system has become a new method to have supply chain management and gain competitive advantage from it(da Silva Gomes, 2013). PMBOK is the acronym of project management body of management of knowledge which is generally used by various project managers for checking various success factors which can take place during the implementation of a project. Critical success factors generally comprise commitment, planning and involvement of various management and stakeholders. PMBOK mainly emphasizes on the implementation of various knowledge with right tools and activities to satisfy the requirements. Scope management is considered to be vital for a project as helps in analyzing the scope of a project in a right way which will ultimately help the project managers and various executive in providing the right quantity of work which is essential for the success implementation of the project (Gomes, 2013). PMBOK aims in providing proper amount of work, service and function. There are generally three phases of scope management of a project which are planning, control and lastly closing. Two steps which are involved in the scope management are proper definition of the requirements of a project and understanding the various requirements of a project (Grefen, Pernici, and Snchez, 2012). Requirements of a project are considered to be an important parameter for setting the timeline and requirement of the project. Definition of scope is important for creating the requirements of a project. Various steps involved in the scope definition of project are objective, sub-phases, goals, budget and lastly resource. Scope can be easily measured or controlled by analyzing specific ERP product and provide explanation in details about the features of product which will benefit various business activity (Kerzner, 2013). Scope is of low value if the team members of project and different stakeholders associated with the project does have any idea about the fact that how ERP will benefit or support their organization or business. In many cases the function of ERP product is in scope and functionality with limit. The market of ERP has update a lot in the last few years and a large number of numbers ranging from automobile and pharmaceutical have implemented ERP software in their system and which has resulted that the ERP rules over the other business. Few years back various ERP solution like manufacturing and finance are considered to be the most popular modules of ERP (Burke, 2013). On the contrary in present time various domains of business like plant maintenance, HR and service module have also started using ERP software in their systems. Other industrial sectors like cement, power and food processing have also adopted ERP software in their system for satisfying their requirements. SME stands for small and medium size enterprises are considered to be biggest user of ERP software in their system in present market all around the world (Schwalbe, 2015). SME aims in providing cheaper ERP solution like eresource ERP which generally work in specific location of a country and providing a platform for skilled and technical talents. In many cases these advantages are hard to justify on the field of statics as they are hard to calculate in practical. Some of the soft benefits are change in attitude, transparency and work life comfort (Walker, 2015). Various firms are must have goals before the adaptation which is followed by measuring the achievements of implementation of ERP. For satisfying the requirements of ERP software various tools must be added to it. These tools are NetSuite ERP Sage 100 ERP ECount ERP SAP business one Oracle E-business suite Infro visual Intacct Odoo Financial Force ERP Epicor ERP Workwise ERP Microsoft Dynamics NAV ERPNext SYSPRO Compiere Priority software Acumatica IQMS QAD cloud ERP Deltek Cost point. NetSuite ERP: NetSuite is considered to be one of the challenges of ERP system and it has good position on the list which has a number of rewards. NetSuite provides a number of solution to business which can be from various organization and domains. This ERP model will help in providing mission critical processes which ultimately helps in providing enough area for making adjustment in the business. Sage 100 ERP: Sage ERP 100 is an another financial management which aims in providing target towards small and growing business. It aims in providing all in one financial management solution, full coverage of the required budget, it providing connection to sage data cloud. ECount ERP: ECount is generally used for its scalability and flexibility and can be used to satisfying the needs of any firm without the requirement of little and no coding knowledge. SAP Business One: It is a German ERP product which is known for its powerful automation in any financial methods in small to medium size organization. Oracle E-Business Suite: It is also known as EB suite which consists of various oracle application which is known for its concise management of finance. References Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. da Silva Gomes, R.M., 2013. Contributions of the PMBok to the Project Management of an ERP System Implementation.Revista de Gesto e Projetos,4(2), p.153. Gomes, R.M.D.S., 2013. Contributions of the PMBOK to the Project Management of an ERP System Implementation. Grefen, P., Pernici, B. and Snchez, G. eds., 2012.Database support for workflow management: the WIDE project(Vol. 491). Springer Science Business Media. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Leach, L.P., 2014.Critical chain project management. Artech House. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Walker, A., 2015.Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons.

Images of Women and Minorities in Advertising

Introduction As Kendall (4) identify that, sociology has the central role of helping people better understand not only themselves but also the world in which they live in. According to Kendall (4), sociology is aimed at helping people see how particular behaviors of groups were shaping the behaviors of others to a particular form.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Images of Women and Minorities in Advertising specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Kendall (4), it is generally a mistake for people to think of their actions as only relating to them because such was an individual choice. As the Kendall (4) identify, sociology believes that actions, even when done from the belief on individualism, has a collective aspect. Common sense is another concern of Kendall. According to Kendall (4), common sense by its larger interpretation means a typology of behaviors which are ‘common’. According to Kenda ll (4), sociology understands that to develop a ‘common sense’, the individual is influenced by the daily observations of behaviors not only in real life but also from other Medias of socialization such as television. Thus far, the media is an avenue of influence. In the media world today, advertisements are a commonality. The general intent of advertisement according to Biermann (188), is to influence behaviors. As sociology takes it, an advertisement is an economic strategy which uses an attitudinal and emotional appeal to influence behaviors of people to those economically desired by the firm. Basing on this sociological understanding, it is clear that the realm of advertising squarely falls on the scope of sociology. According to Biermann (188), in sociology, this will be under persuasion. By its definition, persuasion in sociology refers to techniques of influencing behaviors. Feminist issues are also discussed in sociology. The ideas of gender balance, gender bias and gender stereotyping are some of the issues which sociology concerns with. On this ground, one can conclude that the minds of feminists represent that of sociology.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bearing this in mind, is sociology aware of how, why and when women have been portrayed in advertisements? In finding the answers to this question, two dimensions will be taken. First will be to discuss how the idea of persuasion has moved on to become perception. According to the view of the paper, the advertisements though being used for persuasion have employed techniques which abuse and distort perception of women. On the second, the paper presents what sociology and sociologists say about women in advertisement and second will be to look at the presentation of this throughout history. All through the paper, various sociological concepts will be discussed to identify the main i ssues in sociology which relate to the topic. The thesis of this paper is that through feminism, sociology has always been concisions on advertisements and has identifies such as one avenue which has historically stereotyped women and thus influenced negative perceptions on the status of women. 18th  and 19th  century Keskinen (198) identifies that in the 18th and into early19th century, women received abuses and were locked from mainstream society. As Keskinen (198) identifies, it was during this time that the feminism movements, together with many other forces of groups which had been abused for a long time, arose. These forces were from a group of sociologists who were concerned on how the society had effectively maligned women from active socialization. As Keskinen (198) identifies, though the war on gender stereotyping was worn on other fronts, the use of women in advertisements became the new fronts which were now used to try and maintain the male dominance. According to s ociologists, advertisements at this time depicted women with a sense of innocence, ignorance, beauty and hospitality (Keskinen 198). As the sociologists identify, on the face, these would have meant good depiction (Keskinen 198). According to Keskinen this was not the case and the overall effect reached was one of the woman gender as the woman as submissive to men (198). As Keskinen (198) concludes, the depiction was that of women as the slaves of the men.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Images of Women and Minorities in Advertising specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Keskinen, this sad depiction of women was greatly seen in posters which had a quality of mostly presenting women with a countenance of facing away from the camera. As Keskinen, states the idea of having the face away as well as depiction of them as shy and childish as was the commonality in the adverts reached the impact of women as the s ubmissive too because it showed them as not confident enough in their status as women (198). In summary, the belief of Keskinen is that at this time, advertisements were negating the perceptions on women to that of a weak gender. According to sociologists who have studied this period, such portrayal of women as shy, childish and thus submissive was one important reason why the feminist movement grew as an opponent to the negative representation of the feminist gender. Analyzed this way, it is clear to note the important point which is that from the negative depiction of the qualities of women, sociologists advancing for women rights emerged in strength. This emergency by itself represents the consciousness of sociology at this time on the stereotypical portrayal of women in the advertisements. By far, feminism was to be the riding force going into the 20th century (Cortese 134). The 20th  century In 20th century sociology, advertisement using women were of negative impact to the s tatus of women. The idea of status forms a critical focus of sociology. It forms the four important components of the social structure, which is studied in sociology. According to Kendall (139), status means the rank that one holds within the society. It forms one of the important components of identify of people within the society. This means that status defines how other people behave towards one. As Kendall states, because status defines some level of achievement it can be low or high in its description (139). According to Kendall (139), a high status promotes high and enriching interactions it the society thus is the one desired over the low one. According to Kendall (139) status is individualistic as it is collective. Individual each one attains a status from what they do as individuals. As Kendall (139) identifies, status, besides being achieved through own work, is also inherited from generalization of the peculiar qualities that one possesses which connect such with a group. Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As Kendall (139) identify, in the society for example, when a woman achieves something great, the likelihood is that all women will boost because these particular women will have boosted their collective status as women. The sociological idea of status observed, the dissatisfaction with the advertisements was clear from sociologists. Those on the school of feminism such as Betty Friedan stand tall here. Living in the 20th century, Friedman identified that the new communication channels were exploiting women through advertisements. Her work, the Feminist Mystique was indeed a cry on the negative depiction of women in adverts and how such was gravely affecting their status. According to the Feminist Mystique in the advertisement produced at this time, women were depicted in the passive roles of caring for their houses and husbands. They only came out in the advertisements as mothers, caregivers and such (Abbot et al 345). According to the Feminist Mystique, this kind of depiction of w omen was achieving an effect of degrading the status of woman in society. They were to be viewed as lesser equals to men because in the advertisements depicted them only taking the less demanding, less intellectually engaging and thus passive roles. According to the Feminist Mystique, women were not only being degraded on this ground but also from the fact that in the advertisements, they were portrayed as sex objects. As the sociologist Betty Friedman identifies, in this time, the use of woman in the advertisements presented them as sex entices to men. They came out as possessed of a body for the use of making men fall in love with their bodies and eventually the products they advertised. According to Abbot et al (345), this was a loss on the status of women. It reduced the respect held on them because it presented them as immoral. The Feminist Mystique was published in the year 1963. The publication of the Feminist Mystique was not the only one on which the sociologists presented their disappointment on how the women were depicted in the 19th century advertisements. In 1990, another work came out from another feminist by the name Naomi Wolf. Her work was titled The Beauty Myth. In the Beauty Myth focus further put by the sociologists on how the advertisements were presenting women as immoral and sex objects. According to Naomi Wolf, advertisements in this time had gravely moved from the general issues to specific focus on the body parts of women. As The Beauty Myth identifies, in this time, advertisement involving women could not be seen as presenting the women personality but were excessively concerned on trivial body parts. They focused on highlighting things such as women’s breasts, legs, hair, eyes and such. As Naomi Wolf lamented, this was of grave damage to the status of women. This is because the view of them in the society was to moving from the whole picture to viewing them as fragments of human who composed only of hair, eyes, legs and such parts and not the body as a whole. As Naomi Wolf believed this view of women as parts and not as human was slowly changing the status of women (Abbot et al 345). As Abbot et al (345) identifies, it was the sole cause of abuses to women which stemmed from the perception of them as objects. As Stange et al. (106) identifies, it is from this focus that the rape cases on women increased and their mistreatment on many other grounds as well. This is because their status had been reduced by the perceptions developed in the advertisements and copied into the core of the society. Looking at the two productions, a point is made that in the 20th century, sociologists were already concerned that the advertisements using women were degrading to women’s status in the society. They were convinced that the advertisements using women had become the source of the evils done on women in the society because they had negatively affected a fare view thus perception of women. They identified that s uch advertisements bended people’s perception to an unfair view thus negative perception of women. Going into the 20th century, it was sure that feminism was to grow more in opposition of negative depiction of women through the advertisements. This brings into focus the definition of feminism. By its general definition, feminism is a school of sociology which concerns with the rights of women. It is the civism aimed at helping women reach their rights. This far, it is important to note thus that the above two feminism authors were first sociologists and thus depicted a sociological concern and awareness of sociology on women portrayal in advertisements. 21th  century As Biermann (148) identifies, in 21st century, sociology and more specifically feminism, still identify the use of body parts as the norm in which women are portrayed. As Lind Stephanie (245) identifies, feminism in this century identifies that women’s depiction n he media still continues to be the grou nd on which mistreatments and evil treatment of women emanates from because they are portrayed with emphasis on erotic parts. As Stange et al. (122) identifies, as the only deviation from the last century, women are depicted with focus only on their erotic parts including breasts, hips and lips even in the cases where the adverts do not relate to these. Observing this, it remains true that a negative perception of women is still created through advertisements. What sociologists have done on this will thus be important to note to decode their awareness on the issue. As Stange et al. (122) identifies, the feminism movement has always come the fore using both legal other channels to discourage such negative depiction of women. In the recent times, they have instituted court proceeding barring some advertisements, as they believe they degenerates the status of women because they negate perceptions on women. Overall, the success of these avenues by feminism movement shows how much the fe minism movement thus sociology remains current and strong on the issue. Conclusion As identified in the works of the two feminism activists and authors, feminism expressed consciousness and concern on the advertisements and how they portrayed women and identified that such had stereotyped them. As identified, the feminism forces and others satiated that the advertisements portrayed woman as shy, weak and thus promoted their submission. According to the paper, such stereotypes were continued into the 21st century, coming out as the critical causes to evils on women. All these sociological bases including those identifying concepts of perceptions developed and status achieved show that sociology is conscious of the portrayal of women in advertisements. Works Cited Abbot, Pamela, et al. An introduction to sociology: feminist perspectives. New York: Routledge, 2005. Biermann, Gesa. Stereotypes Galore! Women’s Emancipation as Reflected in Advertising. New York: GRIN Verlag, 2011. Cortese, Anthony. Provocateur: Images of Women and Minorities in Advertising. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield, 2007. Print. Kendall, Diana. Sociology in Our Times. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. Keskinen, Suvi. Complying with colonialism: gender, race and ethnicity in the Nordic  region. Farnham: Ashgate, 2009. Lind, Amy, and Stephanie, Brzuzy. Battleground: Women and Gender. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2007. Print. Stange, Mary., Carol, Oyster, and Jane, Sloan. Encyclopedia of Women in Today’s World. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Reference, 2011. Print This essay on Images of Women and Minorities in Advertising was written and submitted by user Taraji Michael to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Walter E. Williams

Walter E. Williams received a bachelors degree in economics from California State University in 1965, a masters degree in 1967 and a doctorate in 1972 in economics from the University of California at Los Angeles. He currently is a Professor of Economics at George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia. He has also served on many other faculties such as, Los Angeles City College, California State University and Temple University. He was also a group supervisor for juvenile delinquents for the Los Angeles County Probation Department from 1963-1967. Williams recalls that his work with juvenile delinquents was very challenging and stressful and after four years he needed to move on. Williams has written more than 50 publications and almost all of them have appeared in scholarly journals, such as The Economic Inquiry, American Economic Review and The Social Science Quarterly. He was very proud when 2 of his publications made it to the Wall Street Journal and Newsweek. He also made many appearances on T.V. shows such as Nightline, Crossfire and Face the Nation. Along with his many publications, Williams also write several books. Some o his most famous titles include All it takes is Guts , South Africas War Against Capitalism and America: A Minority Viewpoint. Some articles that Willaims has written that have caused heated debates include: Should All Laws be Obeyed and Yours or Mine. Williams has been known to ask the question, Should all laws be obeyed? Williams believes some laws are not worthy of obedience.(Williams, 1997). The question arises, What would happen to our society if the people decided what laws to obey or disobey? during the apartheid in South Africa, some moral acting whites disobeyed the South African constitution and did not persecute the blacks. These whites should not be tired or convicted for their moral acts aga...

Job Application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Job Application - Essay Example Being part of the CWS fellowship program will help me develop and utilize my analytical skills to promote energy conservation, and so I think I would very much be interested in working with them after I graduate. Peter Biyam is the project manager for CWS and the immediate audience for this cover letter and resume. Because the CWS fellowship program was founded fairly recently, Mr. Biyam is also the main contact for Human Resources concerns. Since CWS is a system organization, I have used a formal format for my cover letter and resume. Moreover, I want to show my professionalism and passion in getting this job. The CWS fellowship program is currently accepting applications for Winter & Summer Fellowship Programs which will be held in Ghana from December 28, 2013 to January 19, 2014 and May 29, 2014 to June 19, 2014, respectively. The most important reason for me in joining this program is that under my ability and supervision the program will be able to help the poor people by providing clean water resources. I think this is a very meaningful job that will not only add to my value as a worker, but also as a person since the job will enable me to further the lives of other people. Initially, candidates need to raise the fee that would cover their in-country expenses. Next, the candidates for this job will be trained in water quality testing and CWS water treatment methods. Then, candidates will spend two weeks in the field implementing and monitoring the CWS water business in their assigned villages in Africa. As this is a fellowship program, there is no specific skill required of me for th is job. However, because of what the job entails, I will need to show Mr. Biyam that I am financially capable of paying my share and that I am also physically, emotionally and mentally willing and able to stay in Africa for the duration of the program. To effectively do these, I have listed

Technology Implementation Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Technology Implementation Paper - Essay Example Human capital is the most important factor in the organization’s success therefore, it is important that the staff feels comfortable with the implementation of new technology at workplace and they believe that the new technology implementation will be equally beneficial for them as much as it is beneficial for the company. This can be possible by providing the employees with all the information about the new technology and involving them in the decision making process, which will give them the sprit of ownership which will motivate them to actively participate in the new technology implementation (Garber, pp. 6-12). Organizational culture plays an important role gaining the competitive advantage since the employees feel comfortable working in the company, there is a low rate of employee turnover, and such employees are motivated to work well. The managers need to realize that the organizational culture should emphasize on learning new things by providing continuous training an d coaching. The employees must be motivated to learn new things and go for trainings by showing them how these training and learning will be beneficial for them and how the training benefited their seniors who also went trough the trainings programs and learning new technologies. There is a possibility that the staff may not be happy about new technology implementation, as it will require them to spend time on learning it and their routine might be disturbed. Moreover, they might think that this will not be of any benefit for them. The manager should arrange a meeting before actually implementing the new technology and inform the technical staff about the pros and cons of the new technology (Garber, pp. 6-12). They should make an impressive presentation showing the innovative features of the new technology they are going implement. The manager should make sure to attract the employees by informing them about the advantages of using the new technology for the company as well as for t he employees. Technology usually makes the work simpler therefore; the employees feel threatened of loosing their jobs, as new technology requires less human capital. The manager should satisfy the employees by answering all such questions that might be disturbing them that might be affecting their work. Manager should ensure their job safety, which will automatically bring them at ease in accepting the new technology (Holley, Jennings, Wolters, pp. 337-339). It is important that the manager gives timeline for the implementation of the new technology so that the employees prepares for it and starts working accordingly. The manager must inform the employees well ahead what they expect from them so that they plan their work according to the goals that they set with their manager. They should inform the employees about the training hours they will need to attend in order to learn how to implement and use the new technology and the input and output of training they are going to receive. Although attracting the employees towards the new technology is important but the manager must make sure that, they do not make any promises that they cannot fulfill or give them any unrealistic information about the new technology as it might result in the dissatisfaction of employees in long term and the employees might

Video assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Video assignment - Essay Example From the film, the United States is brought out as one of the most individualistic society in the world. They tend to put more emphasis on individual achievement, equal rights, informal communication as well as little dependence on authority. The US employees are seen consulting with each other frequently and sharing information openly. They are also extremely comfortable interacting with people they don’t even know, and they aren’t shy doing so. On the other hand, the Japanese managers are more of collectivists. They seem to value harmony and loyalty to both the group and company. The movie successfully brought to light the clash between individualist and collectivist cultures in the most beautiful way. For instance, the Japanese workers performed their duties without complaint and a lower salary and higher production rate consistently. On the other hand, the American auto workers depicted less loyalty to the company compared to the Japanese employees. This is evident when Stevenson (role played by Keaton) tried to convince his American workforce to meet the 15000 production quota. Rather than make concessions to accomplish the company goals like their Japanese counterparts had, the US plant employees immediately started talking themselves out of achieving the goal and further looking for ways to lower the quota. In the beginning, Stevenson thinks that he can get them to push the quota nevertheless. However, he discovered that in the absence of the same level of loyalty, the American workers weren’t as motivated and driven to make the set goal a realit y. Quick advancement and reward appear to be the norm in America and is usually based on merit. On the other hand, Japanese culture values dedication and long service are always rewarded. The expectation of rapid reward by the Americans is depicted in the movie when the plant employees ask if they will receive a reward even if they don’t meet the production quota. This means that they

How Nature Can Provide Sustainable Building Solutions

How Nature Can Provide Sustainable Building Solutions Contents (Jump to) Chapter 1: Introduction Section 1.1: Overview of the dissertation Section 1.2: The need for sustainable building solutions Section 1.3: Underlying principles and mechanisms Chapter 2:   Solutions from Nature Section 2.1: Wind-induced ventilation of the burrow of the prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus Section 2.2: Other notable investigations Chapter 3: Examples of Buildings that incorporate sustainable features derived from natural examples Chapter 4: Conclusions References Bibliography Chapter 1: Introduction Section 1.1: Overview of the dissertation This dissertation will focus on looking at how Nature can provide sustainable building solutions, in particular for wind-induced natural ventilation systems. The first part of the dissertation will look at the need for sustainable building solutions, in terms of the damage that has been, and continues to be, wrought on the Earth’s natural systems, and the possible solutions that can be found by studying how Nature has developed solutions to the problems of ventilations in burrows, and the need for gas exchange. The fact that Nature has produced these solutions is discussed as an event occurring over evolutionary time, through the process of natural selection. Subsequent sections of the dissertation discuss the physical principles that have been mastered by the process of evolution, such as the Bernoulli Principle and the Venturi effect, which has led to the appropriate, sustainable, solutions that are found in Nature. These principles are discussed in detail in Chapter 2, in terms of their appearance in natural systems: the burrows of the black-tailed prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus, the complex burrow and cone system of the mud shrimp Callianassa truncata and the burrow-mound system of the goby Valencennea longippinis which allows for increased gas exchange to the developing eggs in the burrow. The three examples are discussed in detail, in terms of the relevant literature and experimental studies that have been performed to determine how and why the animals produce such structures. Chapter 3 presents some examples of buildings that have applied solutions found from Nature to provide sustainable living spaces. Examples include, amongst others, several buildings designed by Eugene Tsui, such as the residence of Florence and William Tsui in Berkeley, California, the Watsu School at Harbin Hot Springs, the Exposition Building for the International Celebration of Innovation and the Tsui Design and Research Inc. Headquarters in Emeryville, California, and the the Kanak Cultural Centre in Noumea, New Caledonia designed by Renzo Piano. The dissertation concludes with Chapter 4, which presents some concluding remarks, concerning the fruitfulness of looking to Nature for ideas for sustainable building, for looking to Nature can prove a valuable exercise, for as Tsui, one of the great contemporary ‘organic’ architects states in his book Evolutionary Architecture: Nature as a Basis for Design, â€Å"Every great discovery that has marked the upward surge of humanity has been an insight into some profound aspect of natural phenomena. Every tool, every medicinal remedy, every scientific venture, every exploration of the physical and psychological world is a glimpse of the ineffable mind of nature a mind that has no beginning, no end, no dimension and no parameters; a mind that is compelled to create, produce, evolve, differentiate and regenerate with such perfection and thoroughness as to be the model for every human endeavour†. Section 1.2: The need for sustainable building solutions Mankind is slowly killing the Earth and its natural systems. We are living with unacceptable levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which is leading to increases in the greenhouse effect and widespread climate changes across the globe. These climate changes are causing problems for many systems, amongst them agriculture, making it much more difficult for those in sub-Saharan Africa, for example which is increasingly affected by drought and erratic rainfall patterns to be self-sufficient in terms of being able to grow enough crops to survive. Other experts predict changes in the circulation of ocean currents due to global warming, which is leading to a melting ice reserves and glaciers and causing far greater volumes of water to enter the ocean circulatory systems. Shifts in the circulation of ocean currents could have grave consequences for mankind. In addition to the problems created by increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, pollution of the Earth’s water system has occurred on a massive scale, with experts predicting potential future problems with supplies of non-polluted water that is suitable for human use. The Earth, the blue planet, full of water and previously perfectly balanced, is facing unprecedented onslaughts to its vital systems, due to the excessive, wasteful and polluting habits of mankind. What can be done about this? It is fundamental that legislation be put in place now to preserve the Earth and its systems, and that we begin to act, individually and collectively, to save the Earth and its resources that are of fundamental value to us. Sustainability is a fundamental concern for all of humankind, as the population of the Earth begin to realise that we only have one Earth and that it needs to be looked after. By listening more closely to, and taking lessons from, the Earth and the inhabitants we share the Earth with, we can begin to live much more harmoniously and in concert with not antagonistically with the Earth and its inhabitants. The construction, use and maintenance of buildings contributes significantly to adverse environmental impacts, such as carbon dioxide production, something that will only get worse as the population increases and the need for housing grows. Many recent regulations and conventions have already been put in place to ensure that sustainable building principles become the norm in future; for example, a recent convention has been signed to reduce the discharge of hazardous chemicals to zero by 2020, and, documents such as the 1999 policy document entitled A better quality of life – a strategy for sustainable development for the United Kingdom, provide targets for sustainability within the construction industry. As many contemporary architects realize, nature itself is fully harmonious, with all of its parts working in harmony with each other, from species interacting but co-existing in a habitat, on a small scale, to on a larger scale the ocean circulation systems working in harmony to deliver nourishing currents across the globe. This harmony has been violated by the actions of mankind, and, through mankind not recognizing and respecting this harmony, we have arrived at the situation we are in with the Earth and its systems and inhabitants being exposed to very real threats. It is perhaps time that architects begin to study Nature and her solutions in order to arrive at sustainable building solutions. As Tsui, one of the great contemporary ‘organic’ architects states in his book Evolutionary Architecture: Nature as a Basis for Design, â€Å"Every great discovery that has marked the upward surge of humanity has been an insight into some profound aspect of natural phenomena. Every tool, every medicinal remedy, every scientific venture, every exploration of the physical and psychological world is a glimpse of the ineffable mind of nature a mind that has no beginning, no end, no dimension and no parameters; a mind that is compelled to create, produce, evolve, differentiate and regenerate with such perfection and thoroughness as to be the model for every human endeavour†. Looking at the natural world for inspiration can be a valuable exercise. Subsequent sections of the dissertation will look at specific examples of wind-induced ventilation, from the black-tailed prairie dog, the mud shrimp and the goby. These examples will show how each of these animals has adapted their immediate environment fully in harmony to the immediate environment, to the benefit of themselves and to their wider community. The ideas of organic, or ‘evolutiionary’ architects, such as Tsui, are based on similar principles, that architects should start, on a wide scale, to look to nature for sustainable building solutions. Looking to Nature for answers to building problems should, argues, Tsui (1999) become part of an architects repertoire. As Tsui (1999) argues, Nature is not driven by ambition, it has no preconceptions, no concept of style, and her evolution has been through small patient incremental steps, only allowing the ‘correct’ ones to persist, where ‘correct’ means the solution that is most fitting for the particular situation, the solution that is sustainable, to allow in-situ permanence. As energy consumption and the by products from air conditioning are amongst the most significant contributors to the destruction of the Earth’s systems, the subject of this dissertation is to look for natural examples of wind-induced ventilation systems that could, potentially, be incorporated in practical solutions for the construction industry, in terms of finding sustainable building solutions. Although it is understood that understanding the mechanics of natures microclimate control will not provide any quick-fix solutions to cooling buildings, these natural examples achieve equilibrium with their surroundings that is far beyond the reach of mankind at this time and, as such, by studying these systems, they can be learnt from and their novelties applied in design and building practice. Looking to natural examples of wind-induced ventilation will, therefore, potentially provide solutions to heavily polluting air conditioning systems. Section 1.3: Underlying principles and mechanisms Many animals need to live in burrows or to produce burrows for protection from the elements, for example, or for protection from predation. As shall be seen in later sections of the dissertation, the need for such burrows means that some elegant solutions to the problems such burrows present (such as a lack of ventilation) have been reached, as in the case of the black-tailed prairie dog, and that the burrows themselves can create favourable micro-environments and favourable conditions for the larger habitat, as in the case of the complex burrow and cone systems of the mud shrimp. An implicit understanding, and mastery, of physical principles of nature has been built up by these species over evolutionary time. This section of the dissertation will discuss some of these physical principles, including the Bernoulli principle, the Venturi effect and the Venturi tube. The Bernoulli Principle states that â€Å"for an ideal fluid, with no work being performed on the fluid, an increase in velocity occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a change in the fluid’s gravitational potential energy†. Essentially, fluid particles are only subject to pressure and their own weight, meaning that within a flowing fluid, the highest speed occurs when the pressure is lowest and the lowest speed occurs when the pressure if highest, with Bernoulli’s equation stating that the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid flowing across a streamline is the same at any two points along the path. Bernoulli’s Principle explains how water drains from a bowl in a circular pattern around the axis of the drain and also explains how one feels pulled towards large vehicles if they pass by you at high speed. The Venturi effect is a specific example of the more general Bernoulli Principle, which explains how fluids can pass through a region of incompressible flow through a tube with a constriction in it, in which situation the velocity of the fluid increases through the restriction and the pressure decreases in order to satisfy the equation of continuity and to ensure the flowing of the fluid through the constricted space. It is on this principle, for example, that the burrows of the black-tailed prairie dog is thought to work, as shall be seen in Section 2.1 of the dissertation, with the volcano device for air acceleration being applicable to underground structures of every kind. A series of venting volcanoes could be aligned with underground rooms containing air-exiting vents to produce individually vented spaces. This phenomenon can be employed and rising warm air can be directed out exiting vents, as in the burrows of the prairie dog dwelling. It is thought that, by using the prairie dog system, air can be interchanged at a rate of 2550 cubic feet per minute with no utility power (Tsui 1999). The prairie dog mounds and volcanoes have been likened to a half Venturi tube where a Venturi tube is used to determine the flow-rate of fluids or air through a pipe. The Venturi tube has a specialized streamlined constriction that minimizes the energy losses in the fluid flowing through it and which, thus, maximizes the fall in pressure in the constriction in line with Bernoulli’s principle. These principles will be discussed in further detail in Chapter 2, in terms of their appearance in natural systems: the burrows of the black-tailed prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus, the complex burrow and cone system of the mud shrimp Callianassa truncata and the burrow-mound system of the goby Valencennea longippinis which allows for increased gas exchange to the developing eggs in the burrow. Chapter 2: Solutions from Nature Section 2.1: Wind-induced ventilation of the burrow of the prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus The black-tailed prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus, is a ground-dwelling squirrel, one of four prairie dog species to be found uniquely in North America. Black-tailed prairie dogs live in colonies, which are generally established in cattle-grazed areas, as the prairie dogs prefer the vegetation surrounding their burrows to be short, so they can keep an eye out for predators. The black-tailed prairie dogs live in burrows, with one principle tunnel and, depending on the size of the colony, various numbers of side chambers that act as overnight housing for the prairie dogs. Unfortunately, as with many other native species, habitat destruction is causing a drastic reduction in the number of black-tailed prairie dogs (Hoffman, 1999), with conservation efforts currently underway to stabilize the population numbers of the black-tailed prairie dog (see, for example, Andelt, 1988). As Vogel et al. (1973) argue, where a fluid flows across a surface for example wind over the earth – a velocity gradient is created which provides a potential source of work. This gradient might, for example, be employed by a burrowing animal to induce air-flow in its burrow, which is long and narrow to avoid the obvious risks presented by predators. The burrow of the black-tailed prairie dog, long and narrow as it is, being, on average, 12cm in diameter and 10-30m in length (Cincotta, 1989), presents what Vogel et al. (1973) term, â€Å"a respiratory dead-space of extraordinary magnitude in which diffusion is inadequate, alone, for gas exchange†. For this reason, the black-tailed prairie dog has evolved a system of burrowing which creates a system of wind-induced ventilation within the burrow. The burrow of the black-tailed prairie dog has an opening at both ends and mounds of earth at each end, of different sizes at each end, one taller than the other, and each mound being up to 1m in height and 2.5m in diameter (Cincotta, 1989). When a breeze hits the mounds, air enters the burrow through the lower mound and leaves through the end with the higher mound. This system of wind flow has been independently verified in wind tunnel experiments, with wind-flow within the burrow being a linear function of wind flow across the mounds. Interestingly, not only has the burrowing system of the black-tailed prairie dog been found to be an excellent example of wind-induced ventilation directly from nature, but the architecture of the burrows of the black-tailed prairie dogs encourages increased species diversity of arthropods (Bangert and Slobodchikoff, 2006). Later work (Cincotta, 1989) found that adequate airflow through the burrow can be generated with only one mound, and the presence of the second mound has been explained by various hypotheses, such as the prevention of predation (through its use as a look-out post), or the prevention of flooding. Cincotta (1989) argues that the two mounds (which are usually found shaped one as a dome and one as a crater) actually represent functionally identical structures that have simply been built under different constraints in transport costs (i.e., different costs of energy). Thus, the ventilation model of Vogel et al. (1973) does not, concludes Cincotta (1989) provide a fully adequate model of the observed mound construction, and including energetic parsimony within the equation explains why the prairie dogs build the two mounds (i.e., although only one mound is needed for the wind-induced ventilation system to work, it is an energy-saving measure, in such a long burrow, to remove earth from both ends of the burrow). Similarly to how supplemented straw is used to stabilize the soils used in adobe brick construction, the mounds of the black-tailed prairie dogs are stabilized with plant fibers found in the topsoil near the entrances to the burrows (McHenry and May, 1984). Using plant fibres in mixture with the excavated soils allows the black-tailed prairie dogs to build vertically and to use less energy (as less excavated soil is needed), replicating similar energy-saving practices in building adobe brick buildings (Boudreau, 1971). Section 2.2: Other notable investigations Nature has provided engineers and architects with many examples of sustainable technologies. Animals do not have to resort to damaging the environment to be able to survive within their habitat; they fit, harmoniously, within that habitat, in balance with the physical conditions and with the other species that share the same habitat. This section will discuss some other examples, from nature, of how animals have evolved to cope with their surroundings in an optimal manner. The mud shrimp, Callianassa truncata, has been studied in the Tyrrhenian Sea and has been found to produce complex cones and burrow systems which affect the physical structure of the sea bed, and, concomitantly, the chemical zonations and the exchange processes across the sediment-water interface (Ziebis et al., 1996a; Boudreau, 1994). The mud shrimp builds these cones, therefore, to modify their immediate micro-environment by forming chemical links between the sea and the sediment. Adjacent to each cone is a shallow depression which acts to funnel water in to the cone system, and which means that oxygen, instead of penetrating only a few millimeters in to the sea bed, actually penetrates more than 50cm down, allowing oxygen-breathing animals to live in the holes (Ziebis et al., 1996a). The cones that are built by the mud shrimps are outlets for the tunnels, re-routing ammonia from buried sediment to the water above; this ammonia flow helps to nourish the sea water, providing more nourishment for phytoplankton, for example, and so the entire food chain benefits from the cone-building of the mud shrimp (Ziebis et al., 1996a). Similarly to how the complex architecture of the black-tailed prairie dogs provides opportunities for increased species diversity, the cone-building habits of the mud shrimp provides greater nourishment for those species that share its habitat. As Ziebis (1996a) herself stated, â€Å"it is a source of wonder that these relatively small animals can build such complex burrow structures and complex architecture†. Zeibis et al. (1996b) concluded, therefore, that the complex cone and burrow systems of the mud shrimp alters the small-scale flow regime, altering the shrimps own micro-habitat whilst also providing benefits to the wider community, so much so that it was concluded that, â€Å"the high spatial and temporal variability of oxygen distribution in a coastal sea bed depends on sediment surface topography (as formed by Callianassa truncata)† and the concomitant changes in boundary layer flow velocity and sediment permeability. Takegaki and Nakazono (2000) examined the role of the mounds in promoting water exchange in the egg tendering burrows of the goby Valencennea longippinis. Valencennea longippinis spawns in burrows and after spawning, the female constructs a mound on top of the burrow by piling up materials derived from the substratum. Experiments by Takegaki and Nakazono (2000) showed that the mounds promote water-exchange in the burrow allowing the exchange of oxygenated sea water to the developing gobies within the burrow, with dissolved oxygen concentrations being much higher in burrows with a mound than in burrows without a mound. The construction of a mound on top of the developing eggs thus not only protects the eggs from potential predators but also has an important role to play in delivering oxygen to the developing gobies within the burrow. These are but two further examples of how nature has evolved practical, sustainable, solutions to the problems presented by the immediate environment. The solutions formed can be extremely useful to engineers and architects who are wanting to design buildings on sustainable principles. As Thomas Herzog states in his book Architectural Designs Green Questionnaire, â€Å"In general I do not think that architecture can be deduced immediately from nature, since the design process and functions of our buildings are quite different from what is found in most plants and animals. Nevertheless, there are a lot of lessons to be learnt from nature, especially with regards to the efficiency, performance, adaptability, variety and tremendous beauty which most organisms display under close observation. Considering that nature has to obey the same physical laws as man-made objects this should be seen as very encouraging for us, making it well worthwhile to study its principles and mechanisms†. Chapter 3: Examples of Buildings that incorporate sustainable features derived from natural examples This Chapter presents some examples of buildings that have applied solutions found from Nature to provide sustainable living spaces. Examples include, amongst others, several buildings designed by Eugene Tsui, such as the residence of Florence and William Tsui in Berkeley, California, the Watsu School at Harbin Hot Springs, the Exposition Building for the International Celebration of Innovation and the Tsui Design and Research Inc. Headquarters in Emeryville, California, and the the Kanak Cultural Centre in Noumea, New Caledonia designed by Renzo Piano. The residence of Florence and William Tsui in Berkeley, California, designed by Eugene Tsui, is based, in its entirety on the tardigrade, which is known to be one of the world’s ‘most durable’ animals and which has systems inbuilt to ensure protection against flooding, fire and termite attack, amongst other things (Tsui, 2007). The house is fitted with a solar heating system and with a natural ventilation system that keeps it cool in summer and warm in the cooler months (Tsui, 2007). The house is, essentially, a living system that is capable of actively responding to any external conditions, with water systems in place that are designed to provide cooling and heating and which were based on the capillary structures of dinosaur species which allowed dinosaurs to regulate their own body temperatures (Tsui, 2007). The Florence and William Tsui residence is a notable application of the Bernoulli Principle, as it employs the Bernoulli effect in adjustable vents, which not only draw in fresh air, without the requirement for mechanical power, but also provide natural light and claimed to be inexpensive to apply (Tsui, 2007). Nostril windows pull out from the wall to let air in, using the Bernoulli effect, where air is sucked in through the open shaft and through the screened tube, which lets air in and keeps insects out. (Tsui, 2007) Tsui notes in his book Evolutionary Architecture, Nature as a Basis for Design that this facet of the design of this building was inspired by such natural examples as the prairie dog burrows. Also designed by Eugene Tsui, the Watsu School at Harbin Hot Springs is, again, a totally sustainable building, with solar-powered panels and movements of cold water around the building allowing for the natural ventilation of the building. The spherical shape of the buildings also allows for wind flow to cool the buildings, as a whole. The Tsui Design and Research Inc. Headquarters in Emeryville, California, another Eugene Tsui design, is also a totally sustainable building, incorporating natural ventilation systems based on the prairie dog burrows; the building is totally self-sufficient and uses plant life for interior temperature control, with a retractable roof allowing for the entrance of cool air, if necessary. Water is collected from the roof and used for all of the buildings needs; the integrated water system is seen, by Eugene Tsui, as an example of architecture as a living organism. Another architect whose interest lies in evolutionary, or, better, ‘organic’ architecture is Renzo Piano who designed the Kanak Cultural Centre in Noumea, New Caledonia. This building is a synthesis of nature and technology, reflecting the Kanak people’s understanding of the harmony of life and of Nature. As Piano states, â€Å" (I wanted)†¦an architecture that genuinely expresses itself between the assertion of the old, reliable values and the exploration of the new in the spirit of time† (Young, 2007). Piano’s aim for the building was to present an architectural masterpiece based on â€Å"finding the gestait† of the Kanak people and the site, through a full understanding of the Kanak people, their history and cultural traditions (Young, 2007). Aside from showing cultural respect in the design and form of designing this building, and thus fitting in to its intended environment well, the Kanak Cultural Centre in Noumea, New Caledonia also shows a wide range of natural ventilation systems. The faà §ade of the building is a double skin which provides a large air space between the woodwork and the galleries, forming a stack effect which, during the day, means hot air rises out of the space while cool air is drawn in to replace it; the cooler air then passes around the building at lower elevations, flowing out towards the lagoon at the side of the building (Young, 2007); in this way, the building ‘breathes’ with its environment, as a function of the environment in which it sits. Skylights set in the roof of the building allow for the entry of cool air, as necessary, and the interaction of all these ventilation systems allows the building to â€Å"find a continuous balance with Nature† (Young, 2007). Examples such as these buildings, and others that could be mentioned, show how it is possible to study Nature and to study the solutions provided by the process of natural selection over many generations, to enlighten sustainable building projects. That buildings can be built, for only slightly more cost than non-sustainable buildings, to act in harmony with Nature and to produce architecture that acts as a living organism is a beautiful vision. This vision of Tsui’s, as presented in his book Evolutionary Architecture, Nature as a Basis for Design, and in his many other writings, speeches and in his designs for, and his actual buildings is a beautiful vision, of mankind being given the ability to live in concert, not antagonistically with, Nature. As has to be realized, however, whilst Nature can be used as inspiration, the implications of scale need to be considered, in terms of the fact that solutions from Nature cannot simply be scaled-up in order to suit the particular needs of the built environment. The solutions need to be tailored, according to the particular situation, within the particular knowledge of the architect, as the implications of scale have a significant impact on the actual design of a building. Due to the implications of scale, solutions from Nature can never be directly copied, but need to be adapted as necessary to the particular situation in hand. The Bernoulli Principle and the Venturi effect can, however, when implemented successfully, be used to great effect in terms of producing architecture that is at once beautiful and fully at harmony with Nature, as a ‘living organism’ as in Tsui’s vision of evolutionary architecture. Chapter 4: Conclusions Green Architecture is the major architectural movement of our time. As has been seen, the ecological damage caused by buildings (through their heating and air conditioning systems, for example, or their use of unsustainable materials) can be recorded in real figures, in terms of the amount of carbon dioxide a building produces in terms of how much a building contributes to global warming. As has been seen, there are many pressures on architects, and on the construction industry as a whole, to produce sustainable buildings. This will only continue to increase in the future and so architects, such as Eugene Tsui, with their visions of buildings as living organisms, living and breathing in harmony with their environment are not so far-fetched. Mankind has become detached from his surroundings, and this detachment has meant that the Earth, and its natural systems have been abused, almost to the point of no return. As has been shown in this dissertation, the process of natural selection h as led animals to find, over evolutionary time, sustainable solutions to problems that the environment presents to them. Evolutionary architecture, as Tsui labels his brand of architecture, is an attempt to recreate this harmony and to offer to mankind a different vision of the built world. Studying natural phenomena, such as the burrows of the black-tailed prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus, the complex burrow and cone system of the mud shrimp Callianassa truncata and the burrow-mound system of the goby Valencennea longippinis which allows for increased gas exchange to the developing eggs in the burrow, as has been conducted in this dissertation allows architects to ‘think outside the box’ and to find alternative solutions to designing in a sustainable manner. This dissertation has aimed to show how looking to Nature can provide sustainable building solutions, using the particular example of wind-induced natural ventilation. That many of the natural solutions to this problem have been successfully incorporated in to many buildings, as discussed in Chapter 3 (i.e., the residence of Florence and William Tsui in Berkeley, California, the Watsu School at Harbin Hot Springs, the Exposition Building for the International Celebration of Innovation and the Tsui Des ign and Research Inc. Headquarters in Emeryville, California, and the the Kanak Cultural Centre in Noumea, New Caledonia designed by Renzo Piano), shows that the idea of adapting solutions from Nature is workable, if only we can take

Drugs in the Prison System Essay -- Drug Trafficking Jail Prison Essay

Drugs in the Prison System This research paper will consist of an analysis of the use and abuse of illicit drugs within the prison systems on a global basis. With information gathered from various sources such as the internet and one on one interviews with an inmate in a male correctional facility and a former inmate of a female correctional facility I intend to show the rampant flow of drugs in and out of the prison system, the control of (or lack there of) by prison officials, the drug gangs and dealers in correctional facilities, the rate of addiction, and treatments available to inmates suffering from addiction. The introduction of drugs into the prison system has been an issue for corrections staff for many years. Prison officials suspect inmate visitors are the main source of how drugs coming into prisons. Although inmates and visitors are subjected to a meticulous search prior to contact with one another, the introduction of drugs is happening on a regular basis. Drugs can become a major source of income, not only for the inmate, but also for the individual or individuals who take the drugs into a correctional facility. Another avenue for inmates is using a correctional officer. Most of the drugs that are available within a prison arrive by courier through a corrections officer. Unlike an inmate visitor, a corrections officer is not subjected to a meticulous search of their person and property. Stephen Shaw of the Prison Reform Trust was quoted as saying, " Prison officers were said to turn a blind eye to its use and even to deal it in themselves, to make their job easier."1 Several states within the United States allow for inmates to have possession of personal clothing. An inmate receiving personal clothing from home may also receive drugs that have been hidden within the clothing by a family member or friend. In addition, drugs have been known to be sent via the mail to an inmate concealed in packages of all natures. In the past, the distribution of heroin to an inmate was easily concealed on a postage stamp or on the glue part of an envelope. The use of drugs are an issue many people around the world must deal with while incarcerated or in the "free world." Throughout the history of prison reformatories inmates have constructed a mailing system within the prison to communicate wi... ...liams (in person) First hand account of drug trafficking, use, abuse, effects, and treatment in a Washington State male correctional facility. Prison Information Handbook (http://www.pars.org.nz/prison_information_handbook.htm) General information about prisons in New Zealand. Schaffer Library of Drug Policy (http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/GovPubs/cjstcha.htm) A Criminal Justice System Strategy for Treating Cocaine-Heroin Abusing Offenders in Custody. Substance Use In Prisoners The Norm Rather Than The Exception (http://www.docguide.com/dg.nsf/PrintPrint/1930E4546A3C26C7852564CA00574711) An article detailing drug use in UK prisons. The Eye of the Needle (http://news.scotsman.com/columnists.cfm?id=1207092004) An article about an inmate detailing drugs use and authority’s attitude in Scotland. The Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Prison (http://www.drugtext.org/library/articles/florenz.html) The effects of drugs and the spread of Aids and other diseases in prisons as a direct effect of drug abuse. Zero Tolerance for drugs in Prison (http://clinton3.nara.gov/WH/Work/010599.html) Presidents Clinton’s No tolerance drugs policy for the American Prison system.